Plasma Lipid Profile and Cardiac Risk Markers in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Nephropathy is one of the serious diabetic complications and haemodialysis the common modality employed generally aimed to correct the altered crystalloids as well as to remove accumulated nitrogenous waste products. But it rarely corrects the vascular lipid levels, hence increasing the thrust of dyslipidaemia and dyslipidaemia induced cardiovascular complications in these patients. A study was planned to assess the cardiovascular risk factors, Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Index of plasma and Atherogenic Coefficient in these patients to evaluate the cardiovascular risk.METHODSPatients of type 2 diabetes suffering from diabetic nephropathy undergoing haemodialysis at Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga, and its affiliated hospitals in the age group of 30-60 years were randomly selected. A heparinised blood sample was collected after obtaining a written consent. Plasma lipid profile, Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic index of plasma and Atherogenic Coefficient were estimated. Aged matched non-diabetic subjects and type 2 diabetic patients without renal complications served as normal controls and diabetic controls respectively.RESULTSLevels of FPG, TC, TAG, HDLC, LDLC, VLDLC, CRR, AIP and AC were significantly elevated in patients of diabetic nephropathy.CONCLUSIONSPatients of diabetic nephropathy undergoing regular haemodialysis must be screened frequently for cardiovascular complications.

Use of flash glucose-sensing technology in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with liraglutide combined with CSII: a pilot study

Glycemic variability (GV) may be linked to the development of diabetic complications by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) provides a novel method of continuously monitoring interstitial glucose levels for up to 14 days. This study randomly assigned poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with metformin and multiple daily injections of insulin (n=60) to either continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment or CSII in combination with liraglutide (CSII+Lira) treatment for 14 days during hospitalization. GV was assessed using a FGM system; weight and cardiometabolic biomarkers were also evaluated. The coefficient of variation was significantly reduced in the CSII+Lira group (P<0.001), while no significant change was observed in the CSII group. The changes differed significantly between the two groups in mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (P=0.004), standard deviation (P=0.006), and the percentage of time in the target range (4-10 mmol/L, P=0.005 and >10 mmol/L, P=0.028). The changes in mean of daily differences, interquartile range, and percentage of time in hypoglycemia (<3.3 mmol/L) and hyperglycemia (>13.9 mmol/L) identified by FGM showed no difference. Treatment with liraglutide increased serum adiponectin [33.5 (3.5, 47.7) pg/mL, P=0.003] and heme oxygenase-1 levels [0.4 (-0.0, 1.8) ng/mL, P=0.001] and reduced serum leptin levels [-2.8 (3.9) pg/mL, P<0.001]. Adding the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide improved GV, weight, and some cardiometabolic risk markers. The FGM system is, therefore, shown to be a novel and useful method for glucose monitoring.

Effect of Short-Term Hypothyroid State on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Subjects Preparing Radioactive Iodine Therapy / 대한갑상선학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The relationship between short-term hypothyroidism due to levothyroxine (LT4) withdrawal for radioactive iodine (RI) therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and risk of cardiovascular disease is not clear. In this study, we evaluated the impact of short-term overt hypothyroidism on lipid profiles and cardiovascular parameters in patients with DTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 195 patients with DTC who were preparing RI therapy from March 2008 to February 2012. We analyzed the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level on the clinical, biochemical, and cardiovascular risk markers at the end of LT4 withdrawal protocol (P2). RESULTS: After LT4 withdrawal (P2), TSH and total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly increased (p121 microIU/mL), all values did not have a statistical significant meaning except Apo A1. CONCLUSION: Short-term hypothyroidism induced worsening of lipid metabolic parameters, but not enough to induce the cardiovascular risk in patients with thyroid cancer.

Efeitos da suplementação dietética com óleo de coco no perfil lipídico e cardiovascular de indivíduos dislipidêmicos / Effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on lipid and cardiovascular profile of dyslipidemic subjects

Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética com óleo de coco extravirgem no perfil lipídico e cardiovascular de indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos. Método. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de intervenção realizada no ambulatório de cardiologia de Valparaíso de Goiás. A amostra foi composta de 32 pacientes, hipercolesterolêmicos, 50% do sexo feminino, idade média de 48 anos. Todos os pacientes foram suplementados com 30 mL/dia de óleo de coco extravirgem durante três meses. Analisou-se o peso corporal, o índice de massa corporal, o perímetro abdominal, a relação abdômen-quadris, o consumo alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas), assim como lipidograma completo, glicemia de jejum, apolipoproteínas (apo) A-I e B, proteína C reativa ultrassensível (PCR-us), lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)] e fibrinogênio antes e depois da suplementação. Usou-se, para análise dos dados, o teste estatístico t de Student, e considerou-se significância de 5%. Resultados. Após a suplementação com óleo de coco, observou-se redução significativa do peso, índice de massa corporal, relação abdômen-quadris, perímetro abdominal, triglicérides, lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-c) e PCR-us, bem como aumento significativo nas concentrações de apo A-I. Observou-se, também, tendência à redução do colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e Lp(a), assim como um ligeiro aumento de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) e fibrinogênio, porém esses resultados não foram significativos. Conclusão. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação dietética com óleo de coco extravirgem é capaz de exercer benefícios no perfil lipídico e cardiovascular de indivíduos dislipidêmicos.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with extra virgin coconut oil on lipid profile and cardiovascular dyslipidemic subjects.Method. This is an intervention research conducted in a cardiology clinic of Valparaiso de Goiás. The sample consisted of 32 patients with hypercholesterolemia, 50% female, mean age 48 years. All patients were supplemented with 30 mL/day coconut oil for three months. The authors analyzed body weight, body mass index, abdominal perimeter and abdomen-hip ratio, dietary intake (24 hour recall), as well as full lipid profile, fasting glucose, apolipoprotinein AI and B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] and fibrinogen before and after supplementation. The t-Student test with 5% significance was used.Results. After supplementation with coconut oil, there was significant reduction in weight, body mass index, abdomen hip ratio, abdominal perimeter, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, as well as significant increase in the levels of apo A-I . There was also a trend towards a reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and Lp (a), as well as a slight increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and fibrinogen, but these results were not significant. Conclusion. The results suggest that dietary supplementation with extra virgin coconut oil is able to exert ?benefits on lipid profile and cardiovascular hypercholesterolemic subjects. However, randomized controlled trials are needed.

Biomarcadores asociados a riesgo de síndrome metabólico: estudio en personal médico y administrativo de la facultad de ciencias de la salud UNAB - GENESIS II / Associated biomarkers with metabolic síndrome risk: a study among medical and administrarive staff of the UNAB health science faculty – GENESIS II

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico (SM) es factor de riesgo para mortalidad por enfermedad coronaria y diabetes mellitus. Se han propuesto nuevos marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV), con mejor capacidad pronóstica en la toma de medidas preventivas para disminuir la aparición o severidad de sus consecuencias. Objetivos: Establecer la prevalencia de SM y determinar el comportamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales y no convencionales entre hombres y mujeres de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología: GÉNESIS es un estudio de cohorte prospectivo con evaluación en 2005 y 2010. Para la segunda fase, todos los participantes contestaron una encuesta semiestructurada, recibieron evaluación clínica, de presión arterial (PA) y parámetros antropométricos, así como toma de sangre periférica en ayunas para medición de coleste-rol, HDL, triglicéridos, glicemia, PCR, IL- 6, Apo A-I y Apo B. Resultados: Para la segunda fase se evaluaron 66 empleados. Se encontró una prevalencia de SM del 18.2%. La población masculina presentó los mayores valores de PA, glucemia, triglicéridos, Apo B y relación Apo B/Apo A-I, comparado con las mujeres. En el estudio de seguimiento se evaluaron 44 personas en dos momentos (2005 y 2010), donde la población femenina evidenció un aumento significativo del PA, niveles de colesterol, HDL y glucemia, así como descenso en los de PCR comparado con los hombres. Conclusión: El reconocimiento de los factores de riesgo tradicionales y no convencionales, y las diferencias de los mismos entre los géneros ayudaría a optimizar la estratificación del RCV y a futuro una mayor prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus mortality. New cardiovascular risk markers have been proposed with better prognostic ability for taking preventive measures to decrease the occurrence or severity of their consequences. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of MS and to determine the behavior of traditional and no traditional cardiovascular risk factors of men and women from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methodology: GENESIS is a prospective cohort study in 2005 and 2010 assessment. For the second phase, all participants completed a semistructured questionnaire, received clinical evaluation for blood pressure and anthropometric parameters and peripheral blood sampling for measurement of fasting glucose, cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, CRP, IL-6, Apo AI and Apo B. Results: 66 employees were evaluated for second phase. The prevalence of MS was 18.2%. Among them, the male population had the highest values of waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, Apo B and Apo B/Apo AI, compared with women. In Follow-up study, 44 people were assessed on two occasions (2005 and 2010); female population showed a significant increase in waist circumference, cholesterol, HDL and blood glucose levels, and decrease in CRP compared with men. Conclusion: The recognition of traditional and non-conventional risk factors, and the differences between genders would help to optimize cardiovascular risk stratification and therefore better prevention of CVD in the future.

Implicaciones clínicas y pronósticas del estudio circadiano de la modulación simpático-vagal de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave / Clinical implications and prognostic significance of the study on the circadian variation of heart rate variability in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension

Introducción: La reducción en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca ha sido identificada como factor de riesgo en enfermedad cardiovascular, pero su descripción en hipertensión arterial pulmonar severa se desconoce. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave, 32 con hipertensión pulmonar primaria, 34 con hipertensión pulmonar secundaria a cardiopatía congénita (Eisenmenger) y 44 sujetos control sin evidencia de enfermedad. La evaluación del registro ambulatorio de la frecuencia cardiaca se realizó por métodos convencionales. El análisis espectral y la relación a baja y alta frecuencia se realizó utilizando el método de Fourier. Comparaciones entre día y noche se realizó entre los grupos. Después de conocer el perfil circadiano, 15 pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar fueron seleccionados para recibir tratamiento al azar con Treprostinil (Prostaglandina) o placebo por vía subcutánea. Posteriormente (3 meses) se analizaron nuevamente los parámetros de variabilidad de frecuencia cardiaca y de hemodinámica para conocer el impacto de dicha terapéutica. Resultados: Se detectó un estado franco de hipertonía simpática en el grupo de hipertensión pulmonar, sobre todo en los pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar primaria. El efecto de Treprostinil fue claramente asociado con disminución del tono simpático y un aumento de la capacidad física. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar, cursan con equilibrio simpático-vagal alterado sobre todo durante el día. Hay pérdida del ritmo circadiano. Dichos trastornos pueden ser reversibles con la aplicación de treprostinil. El equilibrio simpáticovagal de la frecuencia cardiaca es un instrumento no invasivo que permite estratificar mejor al paciente con hipertensión arterial pulmonar grave.

BACKGROUND: A reduction of heart rate variability (HRV) is currently considered an independent risk factor for morbidity, mortality and severity of severalcardiac disease, however, the dynamic sympathovagal modulation on HRV during 24 hr in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) had not been described. METHODS: 24 hr Holter monitoring (HA) were recorded in 32 patients (mean age 34, +/-12, 90% female) with severe primary pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary pressure, 90:t:12 mm Hg), and in 34 patients (mean age 36 +/-14, 60% female) with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) secondary to septal ventricular defect or atent ductus arteriosus. A control group (n=44) paired for age, gender and arterial pulmonary pressure was included. HRV time and spectral parameters (mean, SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50, LF, HF and LF/HF ratio) were analyzed during three periods: 24 hr; day (8-22:00), night (23-07:00) and also every hour of recording at 5 min-intervals). After detection of sympatho-vagal balance 15 patients were randomized, Treprostinil (prostaglandin) was administered to 6 patients and subcutaneous placebo to 9. RESULTS: HRV frequency parameters during 24 hr HM were significantly different among groups. LF/HF (day) 5.9:1:12.5:1:1P.001 and LF/HF night) 2.8:tlvs.1.5:l:.8.034. Sympathovagal modulation on 24 hr HRV showed that heart rate circadian rhythm is clearly altered in both PPH and ES, but the sympathetic tone in PPH is higher at l 24 hr. (p < .05), after administering treprostinil a recovery of sympathovagal balance was observed CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic cardiac disturbance is clearly present in PPH and ES. The circadian rhythm of HRV is first lost due to an increase of sympathetic tone. These changes may be markers of autonomic disbalance that favor the development of arrhythmias and sudden death. The sympathovagal balance in PPH could be considered an important risk marker.

Estado protrombótico en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica: Su asociación con factores de riesgo trombótico / Prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease: Its association with thrombotic risk factors

Propósito del estudio: Investigar con marcadores de trombosis (trombóticos y fibrinolíticos), si existe estado protrombótico en estadios precoces de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica, y su asociación con factores de riesgo trombótico para enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. Métodos: Se compararon 42 chagásicos crónicos con 21 voluntarios sanos. Los marcadores de trombosis fueron: fragmento 1+2, complejo ATM, productos de degradación del fibrinógeno/fibrina, dímero D y β-tromboglobulina. Se evaluó la fibrinólisis con el tiempo de lisis de euglobulinas, y con determinaciones del activador tisular del plasminógeno y de su inhibidor. La trombofilia se evaluó con antitrombina, proteína C, fracción libre de la proteína S, resistencia a la proteína C activada, mutación R506Q del factor V Leiden, mutación de la protrombina G20210A, homocisteína y anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos: (lúpico y anticardiolipinas isoformas IgG e IgM) Resultados: En los marcadores de trombosis hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chagásicos crónicos y controles en las variables fragmento 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), complejo ATM (p < 0.0001), productos de degradación del fibrinógeno/fibrina (p < 0.05) y dímero D (p < 0.05), pero no en la U-tromboglobulina (p = 0.06). En las variables fibrinolíticas, la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en el tiempo de lisis de euglobulinas (p < 0.0001), pero no en los valores del activador tisular del plasminógeno ni de su inhibidor. En la evaluación de trombofilia se obtuvieron resultados positivos para al menos 1 factor de riesgo trombofílico en 86% de los pacientes. Los anticuerpos anticardiolipinas estuvieron presentes en el 69% de los casos (p < 0.05). Los factores de riesgo trombofílicos fueron congénitos en el 39% de los casos y adquiridos en el 83%. Conclusiones: Aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los marcadores de fibrinólisis, la diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los marcadores de trombosis constata la presencia de estado protrombótico en estadios precoces de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica, asociado de manera estadísticamente significativa con factores de riesgo trombofílico en el 86% de los casos (p < 0.0001), destacándose la frecuencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos especialmente anticardiolipinas (69%) como factores de riesgo trombofílico adquirido.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the presence of prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease with serum markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis, and to investigate it's association with thrombotic risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease. Patients and methods: Forty two patients with chronic Chagas' disease were compared with 21 healthy volunteers. Thrombotic markers used were fragment 1 + 2, ATM complex, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, D-dimer and β-thromboglobulin. Fibrinolysis was evaluated with euglobulin lysis time, tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor levels. A thrombophilic screening was performed. Antithrombin and protein C were determined by functional methods, as well as free fraction of protein S, resistance to activated protein C, factor V Leiden R506Q mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, homocysteine and antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus and anticardiolipin antibodies isoforms IgG and IgM. Results: In chronic Chagas' disease patients, statistically significant differences were observed in thrombotic markers: fragment 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), ATM complex (p < 0.0001), fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (p < 0.05) and D-dimer (p < 0.05). β-thromboglobulin did not reach statistically significant difference (p = 0.06). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found only in euglobulin lysis time, a non specific fibrinolytic marker. Specific fibrinolytic markers tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor, however, did not show statistically significant differences among studied groups. Conclusions: Eighty six percent of patients had positive thrombophilic screening for at least one thrombophilic risk factor. Thrombophilic risk factors were inherited in 39% and acquired in 83% of the patients.